Best TSP practices to ensure a solid retirement

A federal civil service career may not be a way to get rich. Yet after decades of performing meaningful and satisfying work, you can look forward to a financially secure and dignified retirement.

Since the late 1980s, federal retirement has consisted of three basic components. Feds who qualify for full retirement can expect their pension, known as their annuity or Basic Benefit, calculated by the Office of Personnel Management at the time of retirement. Civil service reform of that era added a Social Security benefit to compensate for the larger annuities of the earlier Civil Service Retirement System. You don’t have much control over the specific eventual payouts of these two components; they derive from standard calculations based on salary and time.

When it comes to the third component of retirement – your Thrift Savings Plan – actions throughout your career can greatly influence the account you retire with. Small adjustments in strategy early in a career can magnify to significant gains later on, thanks to the historically long-term gains of the stock market.

But it doesn’t happen automatically. In this article, I’ll outline important steps you can take to help ensure you’ll be able to afford those European river cruises after you’ve left your full-time career.

Put enough in

It sounds obvious: The more you contribute to the TSP, the more you’ll have later. Yet too many federal employees fail to take a basic step; namely, contributing enough to earn the maximum match the government makes to your TSP.

The government contributes 1% automatically to your TSP account each year. It will increase that contribution by 1% increments for each additional 1% you contribute, up to an additional 4%. That is, if you contribute 5% of your salary each pay period, the government will keep matching.

A couple of important details about matching contributions:

· For the first 3% of your salary you contribute, the government will match it 100%.

· If you contribute another 2% (for a total of 5%), the government will match half of that. In other words, if you contribute the full 5%, the government will add another 4%.

· You may contribute more than 5% (up to the maximum allowed), but government matching ceases beyond that.

Also keep in mind that your contribution to the TSP is vested the moment you make it. So is the government’s match – with the important exception of the automatic 1%. That’s subject to a 2-year or 3-year vesting period depending on your position. That means you’d have to forfeit the 1% should you leave government service before the vesting period.

Note that tax law puts a limit on yearly contributions to tax-deferred individual retirement accounts. This year it’s $23,500. To max out your TSP, simply divide that number by the number of pay periods to determine the per-period contribution.

It’s wise to spread out your contributions evenly over the year. That way, you’ll max out the government matching contribution.

And keep this in mind: If you are 50 or older, you can take advantage of a provision known as catch-up contributions. Check with TSP for your own eligibility and catch-up max, but this year FEBA estimates you’ll be able to catch up by as much as $7,500. Those between the ages of 60 and 63 can likely contribute up to $11,250 in catch-up savings.

Pay taxes now?

Most federal employees stick with traditional TSP contributions; those made with pre-tax dollars. This presumes that, once you retire, you’ll fall into a lower tax bracket and thus pay less taxes on withdrawals than you would have on the same income dollars when you were working.

For a myriad of reasons, that’s not always the case. For example, retired senior executives or those with highly technical jobs often find themselves working in industry at or past the age at which they must make required minimum distributions from their TSP accounts. That typically puts them in a higher tax bracket.

This is where the Roth option comes in. A Roth account consists of TSP contributions using after-tax dollars. You therefore don’t pay taxes on eventual withdrawals. (Roth IRAs get their name from former Sen. William

Roth, sponsor of the legislation that enabled this form of retirement savings account.)

TSP statistics show that of the more than 7 million accounts, only about a third are Roth. If you have only a traditional TSP, consider adding a Roth option as a strategy to give you more flexible tax approaches in the future. The TSP offers a way to convert some or all of your TSP to a Roth. Because such a transfer entails taxes now, only do this after consulting with a qualified tax expert who can work through your individual situation.

Timidity = loss

Many TSP participants feel safe by investing most of their dollars in the TSP’s G-Fund. Because it consists of government bonds, the G-Fund never shrinks, meaning you get a basically guaranteed positive return on your investments. But that growth is almost always below the rate of inflation.

The result? Over time your savings have ever less real buying power.

A related mistake is retreating to the G-Fund when the stock market goes through a period of gyration with big swings down and up. No one can time the market, so nervous investors often end up selling low, then buying high as they chase the inevitable upswings.

Over the course of a 25- or 30-year career, the difference between a pure G-Fund investment and a diversified one that includes stock funds can add up to hundreds of thousands of dollars. It can determine whether you join the ranks of those with at least $1 million in their TSP.

Alternative strategies include contributions aggressively to the C fund. True, the C, S, and I correlate, meaning they move in the same direction at the same time and carry relatively the same risk. But the C fund has a much larger long term rate of return.

Keep in mind, TSP now automatically puts new hires into the appropriate L fund based on their date of birth. A L-Fund customized such that the “conservative” portion is all G fund and the “aggressive” portion all C-Fund has historically produced a higher return and with lower fees than the standard-issue L-Fund.

Other ways to enhance

Several other practices can help your TSP investment help you. These include:

· Staying on top of your intended beneficiaries, such as after divorce and you don’t want your ex to remain the beneficiary. The TSP lets you manage beneficiaries online.

· Letting the funds stay put unless you have a dire, potentially life-changing need to take a loan against your TSP investment. TSP loans can go as long as 5 years (15 years for real estate). They are not considered withdrawals if they are in good repayment standing. However if you default on the loan you will get a taxable disbursement and the 10% penalty if under 59 ½.

· Making careless withdrawals, such as a large lump sum the minute you hit 73. You’ll end up overpaying taxes.

Finally, consider whether to leave you funds in the TSP after you retire, versus rolling them over into a standard IRA. True the TSP has low fees and a good record of funds management. On the other hand, an IRA gives you access to a vastly larger universe of investment options. You also get more withdrawal flexibility with an IRA. The TSP only lets you make withdrawals proportionately over the funds you’re in. And, unlike the TSP, an IRA lets you make a tax-free qualified charitable donation, or OCD, once you reach the age of 70½.

Regardless of the many possible strategies you choose, contributing to your TSP to the maximum and managing it carefully will go a long way to ensuring you’ll achieve the retirement you hope for.

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